Tsonga

TSO

national

Alternate Names: Shangaan, Shangana, Shitsonga, Thonga, Tonga, Xitsonga

Dialects: Changana (Xichangana), Gwamba (Gwapa), Hlave, Jonga (Dzonga), Kande, Luleke (Xiluleke), Nhlanganu (Shihlanganu), Nkuna, N’walungu (Shingwalungu), Songa, Xonga (Ssonga). ‘Tsonga’ is used to describe Changana ,, Tswa ,, and Ronga ,, although often used interchangeably with Changana, the most prestigious of the 3. All are recognized as languages, although inherently intelligible.

Genealogy:

Niger-Congo
Atlantic-Congo
Volta-Congo
Benue-Congo
Bantoid
Southern
Narrow Bantu
Central
S
Tswa-Rhonga (S.53)

Demographics: 2,280,000 in South Africa (2011 census), increasing. Population total all countries: 4,009,000. L2 users: 3,400,000 in South Africa.

Language Development: A language of secondary education. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1907–1989.

Spoken In: South Africa

Writing System: Braille, Latin

Nation of Origin: South Africa

Other Comments: Christian, traditional religion.